Terms and abbreviations - Cargo Handbook (2025)

A₁ and A₂A₁ shall mean the activity value of special form radioactive material that is listed in Table 2 or derived in Section IV and is used to determine the activity limits for the requirements of these Regulations. A₂ shall mean the activity value of radioactive material, other than special form radioactive material, that is listed in Table 2 or derived in Section IV and is used to determine the activity limits for the requirements of these Regulations.Absorption

Refers to the taking up of gases of vapors by liquids and/or solids where the gas or vapor fully penetrates the liquid of solid (adsorption is limited to the surface)

Acceleration of shipment

Negative and positive accelerations are dynamic, mechanical stresses which occur in two main types during the transportation of goods:

• regular acceleration forces and
• irregular acceleration forces

Regular acceleration forces primarily occur in maritime transport. Acceleration of up to one g (g=9.81[m/s²])and, in extreme cases, even more, may occur due to rolling and pitching in rough seas. Such regular acceleration forces have an impact on the effort involved in load securing.
Irregular acceleration forces occur during cornering or when a train passes over switches, during braking, starting up, hoisting and lowering. Such acceleration forces are not generally repeated, but they may occur several times at varying intensities during transport. These are the typical stresses of land transport and transport, handling and storage operations.

Accompanied combined transportTransport of a complete road vehicle, accompanied by the driver, using another mode of transport (for example ferry or train).Acid valueThe acid value specifies how many milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) are necessary to neutralize the free Fatty Acids in a single gram of fat.Across the grainThe cross-section that is the result of cutting a tree trunk perpendicular to its length. (As opposed to "with the grain").Active behaviorApplies to goods that have an active influence on other goods and their environment.Actual carrierA third party who performs the carriage completely or partly.AdditivesSubstances added to other substances in order to modify their properties in a particular manner or to improve processing.AdsorptionThe uptake of gases, vapor or dissolved substances (this is limited to the surface of solid objects).Adsorption delayDelayed take up of water vapor by the cargo. In the Container Handbook, this refers exclusively to water vapor and describes the fact that during the day the water vapor is given off by the cargo to the air in the container (desorption) faster than the cooling of the container air is introduces water vapor to the cargo (adsorption). The water vapor condenses on the walls of the container thus leading to damage.Adsorption isothermsAs used in the Container Handbook: Graphical representation of the uptake of water vapor by a substance at a specified temperature. For product information purposes, the sorption isotherms are usually taken for a temperature of 20˚C.Aerobe(Greek: aer - air) Microorganisms that require atmospheric oxygen.Aerobic respiration(Greek: aer - air) Metabolic process of goods of vegetable origin, during which glucose and atmospheric oxygen are consumed by respiration processes to form carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat.AflatoxinsShort form of Aspergillus - flavus - toxin. A mycotoxin (mold toxin) that is produced by the fungus Aspergillus - flavus among others.A-frameFrame shaped like the letter "A" used to transport sheet loads, similar to the type of frame used when transporting panes of glass.AgglomerationLump formation.AirbagAirbags can be positioned in the gaps between the cargo in order to achieve a tight fit during loading.Air containerContainer conforming to standards laid down for air transportationAircraftPassenger aircraft shall mean an aircraft that carries any person other than a crew member, a carrier’s employee in an official capacity, an authorized representative of an appropriate national authority, or a person accompanying a consignment or other cargo.AircraftCargo Aircraft shall mean any aircraft, other than a passenger aircraft, that is carrying goods or property.Allelopathy (Greek: allelon - mutual; pathe - influence) The mutual influence of goods of vegetable origin when stored together, caused as a result of gaseous metabolic products, for example, ethylene of carbon dioxide.American Rust Standards Used to classify corrosion damage. The American Rust Standard is recognized worldwide and widely used. It is often used in reports produced by surveyors.Amorphous Without shape, without a fixed form.Anaerobe(Greek: an - without, and aer - air) A microorganism that survives without atmospheric oxygen.Anaerobic respiration(Greek: an - without, and aer - air) Occurs with goods of vegetable origin if the permitted carbon dioxide content is exceeded.Animal diseasesAnimal diseases are diseases which are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi and may be transmitted to animals and humans.Animal goodsGoods of animal origin.AnthraxNotifiable febrile disease caused by the anthrax bacillus.Anthropogenic influenceInfluence caused by human activity.Apparent densityDensity of lumber including hollow space.ApprovalMultilateral approval shall mean approval by the relevant competent authority of the country of origin of the design or shipment, as applicable, and also, where the consignment is to be transported through or into any other country, approval by the competent authority of that country.Unilateral approval shall mean an approval of a design that is required to be given by the competent authority of the country of origin of the design only.Arrhenius equationAn equation describing the dependency of reaction speed on temperature. A simplified rule of thumb for transportation purposes is that when the temperature is lowered by 10˚C, degradation processes are reduced to between half and a third, i.e. the storage life can be doubled or even trebled by lowering the temperature by 10˚C.Articulated trailerA motor vehicle coupled to a semi-trailer.Articulated train / double trainAn articulated train is a combination of an articulated truck and one or more trailers, i.e. truck tractor plus semitrailer plus trailer. German road traffic licensing regulations (StVZO) forbids combinations of this type. Section 32a stated explicitly that no trailers are to be towed behind articulated trucks.Articulated truckAn articulated truck is a combination of a truck tractor and a semitrailer.Articulated vehiclemeans any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer is superimposed upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the mass of the trailer and its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called a semi trailer.Athwartships stowageLoad stowed across the beam of the container of ship (as opposed to fore and aft stowage). In the context of load securing, it is of utmost importance whether a container is stowed athwartships or fore and aft on a ship. In the case of athwartships stowage, the greatest acceleration forces act on the actual container longitudinally rather than transversely. Load securing measures must then be taken with this in mind.ATP agreementAgreement of the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be used for such Carriage (Agreement on the Transport of Perishables); UN agreement for the cross-border transportation of foodstuffs.Autolysis(Greek: autos - self; lucin - separation) Self-digestion.AutoxidationOxidation caused atmospheric oxygen and taking place at normal temperatures.

Bargea non-seagoing watercraft used on inland or protected coastal waters:Basket wagonA rail wagon with a demountable subframe, fitted with devices for vertical handling, to allow the loading and unloading of semi-trailers or road vehicles.BaudUnit of speed for data transfer; 1 baud = 1 bit/s.BayA row of containers running from one side of the ship to the other. To be distinguished from a hold.Bay planPlan for the stowage of containers, in which each bay on a vessel is represented in a cross-sectional plan of the ship from bow to stern. A bay plan shows all possible positions for stowage on the vessel.Bay-row-tier systemNumbering system for the arrangement of containers on a vessel. In this numbering system, the bay is specified first, then the container row, which runs the length of the ship, and finally the tier (vertical layer).Bay-tier-row systemNumbering system for the arrangement of containers on a vessel. In this numbering system, the bay is specified first, then the tier (vertical layer) and finally the container row, which runs the length of the ship.BevelingIf a board of lumber beam is used diagonally for load securing purposes in a container, the ends must be beveled to ensure a tight fit into the container, thus allowing forces to be transferred to the container.Big BagA removable internal liner, strong enough to be lifted and to carry bulk cargoes of different types.Bilge sumpSump at the lowest point of the hold, where water can collect and be pumped off.BilletsSemi-finished products (steel products) with a square of rectangular cross-section, edge lengths of 50 to 125 mm, rounded edges and a minimum length of approximately 1000 mm. This are the used to produce for bars, wire rod and special profiles or for forged or drop-forged items.Bill of lading, bill of lading numberConsignment note issued by the consignor as part of ocean-going and inland transportation processes which regulates the legal relationships between the loader, the consignor and the receiver of the goods that are being transported.

This note may be confirmation from the consignor that the goods have been received for shipping (Received for Shipment B/L) or a confirmation that the goods have been put on board (On Board B/L, Shipped on Board B/L). This document also covers the duty of the consignor to deliver the goods to their port or destination and to hand the goods over to the legitimate owner of the bill of lading in return for the bill of lading.

Bimodal semi-trailer (rail – road)A road semi-trailer that can be converted into a rail wagon by the addition of rail bogies.Biotic activityRefers to activities evident in products of vegetable or animal origin that during transportation exert an influence on the products themselves and/or on other animal or vegetable products. Biotic activity covers biochemical, microbial and other decomposition processes (e.g. allelopathy).Bird's mouthA bird's mouth is formed when a very flat V-shape is cut into the end of a piece of wood.Bitter endsThe ends of rope after a change of direction of any kind. The ends are usually joined by means of a knot, wire cable clamps, turnbuckles, shackles etc.Black rotRot attack on fruit. Black rot can always occur if damage to the fruit extends as far as the flesh. This is then easily transferred from an infected piece of fruit to the other fruits. Black rot is a frequent type of chilling damage occurring in pineapples.Block stowageA method of loading: in block stowage, the goods are stowed as a single block, without leaving space of the flow of air. Thus, air can only pass around the block itself.Block traina number of permanently coupled railway wagons, normally running directly between two selected terminals or entities without shunting.BlowingBulging observed on the lids and bases of cans caused by the formation of gas after the sterilization process and ultimitely leading and bursting. Such bulging can be caused by high temperatures (see heat-induced blowing) or low temperatures (see cold-induced) erfolgen.Blue discolorationBlue discoloration of wood caused by blue stain fungi.Blued steel scrapA normal steel scrap can be refined by heat treatment (heating, quenching, tempering). It undergoes a structural change which gives it optimal properties in terms of hardness and elasticity. Heat treatment leaves an oxide layer on the surface of the steel which is a bleuish color (steel blue), hence the name.BotulismDangerous food poisoning caused by the bacterium clostridium botulinum occuring for instance in insufficiently sterilized preserved meat of vegetables.BoxAnother (less formal) name for a shipping container. This is how they are often referred to in the industry.Box containerAlternative colloquial term for the standard ISO container.Bracing/bracing beamsItems used to secure general cargo loads. Bracing is usually made from squared lumber beams that are fitted between the load and the load-bearing sections of the container in order to take up the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the load. The bracing is subject to compressive stress.Break-bulkloose cargo, such as cartons, stowed directly in the ship's hold as opposed to containerized or bulk cargo. The volume of break bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown.Brine circuitIntermediate circuit of a cooling system that uses a saline solution (brine) as a coolant to reduce the freezing point. This method is often used to reduce the amount of chemical-based coolant used in the cooling system.Brittle fractureCaused by mechanical stress placed on plastic films at freezing temperatures.B-Traintwo trailers linked together by a fifth wheel, and are up to 26 m (85 ft) long. The fifth wheel coupling is located at the rear of the lead, or first trailer and is mounted on a "tail" section commonly located immediately above the lead trailer axles.BucklingDrying and consequential bulging of the exterior of paper packages on pallets.Buffer stowA so-called "buffer" is required when transporting a heavy load with a high mass and small surfaces for distributing the forces acting upon the object. Lumber beams are usually used for this purpose. For certain types of load, the effort involved in this load securing method can be reduced by using part of the load as a buffer. Round bars are a good example, as they are 1) capable of bearing high loads, and 2) suffer no damage as a result of being used as a buffer. For this method, a round bar is first loaded across the end wall of the container. This then acts as a buffer and, in the event of jolts during transport, cushions or distributes the forces evenly across the wall.

Since the buffer is created by the way the cargo is loaded, this method is referred to as "buffer stow".

Bulk Cargocommodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. These cargos are usually dropped or poured as a liquid or solid, into a bulk carrier's hold. Examples of bulk cargo are grain, seed, and coal and iron ore.Bulk cargoescargoes which are intended to be transported without any intermediate form of containment in bulk packagings or portable tanks

CA, CA atmosphereCA = Controlled Atmosphere: For example, an artificial reduction of the level of oxygen and increase in the level of carbon dioxide to extend the lifetime of goods.CA containerContainer with controlled atmosphere.CakesCuboid semi-finished copper product that is used to make other semi-finished or finished products.CakingHardening of bulk cargo caused by a release of water vapor; Causes the formation of lumps if moisture is present in salts or sugars.CandyingHardening caused by an excessively dry atmosphere, e.g. on dried fruits.Capacitive networkData network with capacitive coupling to the power network for remote monitoring of refrigerated.Capillary condensationCondensation of vapors in the fine pores of adsorbtion media.Cargoany goods, wares, merchandise and articles of any kind which are intended to be transported.Cargo sweatCondensation on the surface of the cargo: Condensation can form on the cargo as a result of climatic conditions. Cargo sweat can always occur when the temperature of the cargo is lower than or equal to the dew point. It can also occur during transportation from temperature latitudes, e.g. from northern hemisphere winter to the tropics.Cargo temperatureThe temperature of the cargo within the container. Can vary according to place and time (e.g. during a cooling or warming process).Cargo transport unit (CTU)a freight container, swap-body, vehicle, railway wagon or any other similar unit;CarrierAny person or entity who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.Catalysis(Greek: katalysis - dissolution, decomposition) Change, usually the acceleration of a chemical reaction by means of substances (catalysts) which appear to remain unchanged during the reaction process.CBUCapacitive Bridge Unit; component of a remote refrigerated container monitoring system where data is transferred via the power cable. A CBU is used to capacitively modulate the data signal (using a capator) over the power cable.Cell lumenPores in the wood structure.Centre of Gravity(Abbr. CG) The point in or near a body at which the gravitational potential energy of the body is equal to that of a single particle of the same mass located at that point and through which the resultant of the gravitational forces on the component particles of the body acts.CFCChloro Fluoro Carbons. CFCs are artificially produced gases or liquids. They are used as coolants, propellants or detergents. CFCs can remain in the atmosphere for decades before being broken down. They are a source of chlorine radicals, which react with ozone and contribute significantly toward the destruction of the ozone layer. CFCs are now banned in Switzerland and a number of other countries.ChafeBecome damaged as a result of abrasion.Chilled bananasBananas are chilled when the temperature has dropped down below the acceptable limit. This process means that the fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.Chilled meatFresh meat is transported chilled.Chilled operation / chilled modeOperating mode of a refrigerated container. During chilled operation the circulated fans run at maximum rpm and the intake air temperature is regulated constantly.Chill hazeChange in consistency due to the deposition if dissolved components as a result of the cooling of aqueous solutions.ChillingChill damage is caused when the storage temperature goods of vegetable origin drops below the specified limits. This process means that fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.Chilling damageOccurs when the load is subject to temperatures below the acceptable limits. This process means that fruit suffers irreparable metabolic damage which renders it incapable of ripening.ChippingThis is a mechanical defect of enamel goods.Circulation bypass(Abbr. CG) Occurs when air in a space does not circulate throughout the entire space, but rather seeks the path of least resistance in parts of the space.ChassisSee skeletal trailer.CKD(Completely Knocked Down cars). For the purposes of customs, cars are not transported fully assembled, or are partially dismantled after being assembled. Final assembly of the vehicles is subsequently carried out once they reach their destination. CKD transportation makes it possible to avoid high import duties (100% and more).Climacteric(Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time). Ready to eat or ripe for consumption.Climacteric fruits(from the Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time). For bananas the "climacteric" is the point at which the fruits turn from green to yellow. Starch breaks down to form sugar. Fruits that reach the climacteric are ready-to-eat or ripe for consumption.Climacteric rise(from the Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time). The final increase in carbon dioxide excretion which marks the beginning of maturation of a fruit. After the climactic rise, fruits are ready to eat.Clip-on unitsRefrigeration units used to cool porthole containers on deck, in port or during road/rail transportation.Close coupled trailerA close-coupled trailer is fitted with a rigid tow bar which projects from its front and hooks onto a hook on the tractor. It does not pivot as a full / drawbar trailer does.Coagulation(Latin: coagulare - to congeal). Clotting of a colloid solution, for example, protoplasma.Coefficient of expansion, thermal, cubicIncrease in volume of a material caused by an increased in temperature.Coefficient of sliding frictionDimensionless factor indicated by the Greek letter μ. This factor is used to determine the force required to overcome the friction which is produced by a specific material combination constantly siding under the influence of a pulling force. The coefficient of sliding friction is important in load securing, since the sliding friction of a load with a specific material combination (load/loading area) must be overcome before the load slides. The greater the friction, the less effort is required in securing the load.Cohesive resistanceResistance of an object against slipping on a surface (a function of cohesion and friction).Coil box containerSpecial container for transporting coils. They handle greater line loads and are equipped with coil wells and special load securing features.Coil containerAre built like flats or flatracks, i.e. they consist of a container floor and flat or frame-like end walls. The container floor has cargo troughs for accommodating coils/ rolls of steel sheet.CoilsProducts such as steel sheets, wide strip, steel piping or wire which are coiled into rolls. Coils weighing up to 35 t are transported.Cold chainUnbroken chain from manufacture through to the consumer in which the prescribed cooling temperature is constantly maintained.Cold induced blowingBulging on cans caused by the canned product increasing in volume when the temperature fails below freezing point.Cold-rolled stripsFlat cold-rolled products in widths of up to 650 mm and thicknesses of 0.1 - 6 mm. Can be made from any type of steel and is available with any required surface treatment. Cold-rolled strips are available in the form of rings or strips (bars). The advantage of cold-rolled strips and sheets over hot-rolled and cole re-rolled sheets is the greater degree of accuracy of dimensions.Collapsible flat rack containerFlat with end walls that can be folded in when empty. The end walls are unlocked and folded down onto the loading area. In this state, the flats can be stacked. Three of the "folded" flats take up about the same space as a standard container.ColloPI, colli, internationally used word meaning an item of freight (crate, box, bale bag, bundle, etc.)Combined transportIntermodal transport where the major part of the European journey is by rail, inland waterways or sea and any initial and/or final legs carried out by road are as short as possible.Compatibility characteristicsInterrelationships between the transport properties of products in relation to each other and in relation to the environment.Competent authorityCompetent authority shall mean any body or authority designated or otherwise recognized as such for any purpose in connection with these Regulations.Compliance assuranceCompliance assurance shall mean a systematic programme of measures applied by a competent authority that is aimed at ensuring that the provisions of these Regulations are met in practice.Conair containerRefrigerated containers without their own refrigeration unit. Conair refrigerated containers, also called insulated or porthole containers, do not have their own refrigeration unit. They are thus reliant on an external supply of cold air. This is achieved by refrigeration units of various types, permanently installed on the ship, permanently installed in the terminal or clip-on units for individual containers. Porthole containers are thermally insulated and have two sealable openings on the end walls (the portholes) through which cold air can be blown into the container and warm air can be extracted. The cold air is forced through the lower opening into the container, then distributed throughout the load via the T-bar floor, and subsequently flows through the load to the top of the container and is extracted through the upper opening.Confinement systemConfinement system shall mean the assembly of fissile material and packaging components specified by the designer and agreed to by the competent authority as intended to preserve criticality safety.ConsigneeConsignee shall mean any person, organization or government that is entitled to take delivery of a consignment.ConsignmentFreight sent under a single contract of carriageConsignorA person or company who puts goods in the care of others (forwarding agent/freight forwarder, carrier/transport operator) to be delivered to a consigneeConsolidated packagesGroup of cargo items fastened together with straps or similar devices.ConsolidationSee groupageContact insecticideContact poison that kills pests on contact.Contact poisonPoison that kills pests on contact.ContainerGeneric term for a box to carry freight, strong enough for repeated use, usually stackable and fitted with devices for transfer between modes.Container bolsterA container floor without sides or end walls generally used for Ro/Ro operations.Container dryWater content of goods which would not negatively impact the quality of the goods being transported in the container. For any given load, this water content will be dependent on the duration of the journey and the route and may vary over different routes.ContainerizableGoods (and their packaging) must have the physical properties which ensure that they will survive transport in a container without damage as a result of climatic, mechanical and biotic conditions (depending on the route and duration of transport). These properties include the humidity, temperature and ventilation requirements of the load.Container packing certificateCertificate indicating correct loading of a dangerous goods container and the observance of the regulations set out in the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code). The container packing certificate is issued by the person responsible for packing the container.Container sectionA packed section of a container.Container sweatCondensation which forms on the surfaces of the container.Container templateGenerally a moveable frame that maps the size and shape of the inside of a container. If the exact dimensions of a cargo or its packing are unknown, the 'template' can be pushed over the load in order to make sure that the correct size of container has been selected.Container Terminala docking, unloading and loading area within a port designed to suit the sizes and needs of container ships.Containment systemContainment system shall mean the assembly of components of the packaging specified by the designer as intended to retain the radioactive material during transport.Contamination Contamination shall mean the presence of a radioactive substance on a surface in quantities in excess of 0.4 Bq/cm² for beta and gamma emitters and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 0.04 Bq/cm² for all other alpha emitters.Contraction(Latin: contrahere - shrink) Reduction in volume.Non-fixed contamination shall mean contamination that can be removed from a surface during routine conditions of transport.Fixed contamination shall mean contamination other than non-fixed contamination.ConveyanceConveyance shall mean:For transport by road or rail: any vehicle;

(a)

For transport by road or rail: any vehicle;

(b)

For transport by water: any vessel, or any hold, compartment, or defined deck area of a vessel;

(c)

For transport by air: any aircraft.Cooked bananasIf upper temperature limits are exceeded, the bananas can ripen so quickly that they burst. This is usually referred to as "cooked" bananas.Corner castingsCorner fittings located at all eight corners of the container. They are used to handle the container. Lifting gear, such as container gantries and cranes, is attached to the corner castings of the containers in order to lift them. The corner castings are used in conjunction with twist locks to secure containers when traveling on road vehicles or stack and fasten them securely to the deck of ocean-going vessel. The twist locks are placed in the corner castings and engage with the corner castings (on the floor) of the next container.Corner fittingFixed points usually located at the top and bottom corners of a container into which twistlocks or other devices engage to enable the container to be lifted, stacked, secured.Corner postsCorner posts of a container. These connect the upper corner casting of a container to the lower one and form one of the most stable parts of the container.Corrosion(Latin: corrodere) Destruction of materials. When applied to metals this is an electrochemical process that can, in particular, be promoted by a good electrolyte (sea water).Corrugated board cartonCarton made of corrugated board.CorrugationsMetal sheets are deliberately corrugated in order to increase their stability. Standard containers, insofar as they are made of steel sheet are usually manufactured using sheet sheets with trapezoidal corrugations. Corrugations can also be used when making steel drums, again for the purposes of stabilization.CradleA cradle is a frame that is used to secure loads with a tendency to roll, such as boats or cylindrical goods (boilers, large-diameter pipes, etc.). The upper side of the cradle is shaped to fit the product it is designed to carry.CraneConventional lifting crane where the load is suspended by cable via a jib.CrateA wooden receptacle formed like a case or box, with the difference that the external walls and the lid are not fully closed.Crate restraint shoeSteel bracket specially made to suit a specific crate, where the upper side of the shoe takes the crate and the underside of the shoe is designed to fit tightly to the transport medium or container.CrispnessProperty of a product (e.g. bakery products).Criticality safety indexCriticality safety index (CSI) assigned to a package, overpack or freight container containing fissile material shall mean a number that is used to provide control over the accumulation of packages, overpacks or freight containers containing fissile material.Critical water contentWater content of cargo at which a change in quality is expected. Cryptoclimate(Greek: kryptos - concealed, hidden) Microclimate in a closed space such as a container.CTU / CTU guidelinesCargo Transport Unit: Guidelines for the packing of loads except bulk goods either in or on CTUs for transport by means of any method of land-based or water-based transportation.

daNdeca Newton.Dangerous goodspackaged dangerous, hazardous or harmful substances, materials or articles, including environmentally hazardous substances (marine pollutants) and wastes, covered by the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code; the term dangerous cargoes includes any empty uncleaned packagings;Data loggerDevice used for automatic (and continuous) recording of data. The data can then be read out at a later time, for instance, using a laptop.Dead air zoneArea in a cargo stack with insufficient ventilation.Deep Sea (service)maritime route between two or more major hub ports. Similar to liner serviceDefined deck areaDefined deck area shall mean the area of the weather deck of a vessel, or of a vehicle deck of a roll-on/roll-off ship or ferry, that is allocated for the stowage of radioactive material.Degree of rustingAssessment of the visible amount of rusting, i.e. the degree of damage to iron and steel cargoes as a result of corrosion. The American Rust Standard is frequently used in international trade to describe the degree of rusting.DesignDesign shall mean the description of special form radioactive material, low dispersible radioactive material, package or packaging that enables such an item to be fully identified. The description may include specifications, engineering drawings, reports demonstrating compliance with regulatory requirements, and other relevant documentation.Deodorization(Latin: odor - odor; de -negation = to render odorless) Elimination of odors.Dermatitis(Latin: derma - skin; - itis - suffix denoting, inflammation) Inflammation of the skin.DesiccantSubstance for absorbing moisture.DesorptionRelease of the water vapor from a substance.Desorption isothermGraphical representation of the release of water vapor from a substance in relation to its water content at a specified temperature. For product information purposes, the isotherms are usually taken for a temperature of 20°C.Dew point temperatureThe temperature at which water vapor in the air reaches saturation point and condenses ("dew" appears).Diffusion law(Latin: diffundere - to pour out, spread) Water vapor always flows from the higher to the lower partial pressure.Dilattation, thermal(Latin: dilatare - to extend)Increase in the volume of a substance as a result of increased temperature.Display packagingPackaging designed for a specific product (e.g. pears) which are also suitable for presentation at the point of sale.Door-to-doorThrough transportation of a container and its contents from consignor to consignee. Also known as House to House. Not necessarily a through rate.Dormancy temperatureThe temperatures of cargo of vegetable origin are regulated in order to prevent loss of quality.Dose(French: dose - appropriate measure) Quantity of a toxic substance in the body.Double stacked wagonA rail wagon designed for the transport of containers stacked on top of each otherDressed lumberWood from which the sapwood has been removed.Drip lossLoss of juice as the result of recrystallization of frozen meat. If the meat is frozen rapidly at low temperatures (e.g. -27°C), small ice crystals are produced. If the meat rises to a higher temperature (e.g. -10°C), the ice crystals grow larger, i.e. they recrystallize. As of a certain size, they can rupture the cell walls of the meat. These "perforated" cell walls lose substantially more cell juices than cell walls which are not damaged. The result is a loss of juice, also known as "drip loss".Driving wedgesSee tapered blocks.Drop Frame Trailera form of intermodal transportation for portable bulk liquid containers or ISO tank containers. They are characteristically longer and have lower deck height ideal for transporting constantly shifting payloads.Dry bulkBulk cargo.Dry portInland terminal which is directly linked to a maritime port.DunnageDunnage is used to protect the contents of the container, for instance against sweat. A distinction is drawn between top dunnage side dunnage and floor dunnage. Paper (see paper dunnage), wood, plastic or many other materials can be used as dunnage.Dunnage materialMaterials which are not fastened firmly to the means of transport or transport container and are used to protect the goods from sweat, dirt, or mechanical stress, for instance, or as an aid in stowage (interlayer dunnage). Depending on its application, it is referred to as floor dunnage, interlayer dunnage, lateral dunnage or top dunnage.

Fat-cleaving enzymesLipases.FCL container"Full Container Load": Container packed by the shipper for door-to-door delivery without any transhipment operations.Feeder serviceShort sea shipping service which connects at least two ports in order for the freight (generally containers) to be consolidated or redistributed to or from a deep-sea service in one of these ports.Feeder VesselA short–sea vessel which transfers cargo between a central “hub” port and smaller “spoke” ports.Ferment(Latin: fermentum-yeast, fermentation) See also Enzyme: Certain organic substances induce decomposition, particularly fermentation, in other organic substances. The term "enzyme" has generally replaced the term "ferment".FermentationBiochemical process in which energy is released from carbohydrates by enzymes.FEU'Forty-foot Equivalent Unit'. This is a container that is the same height and width as a TEU but twice the length. As a result, it has twice the capacity.Fiber drumCylindrical transport container (similar to a large can or a barrel). It is made of wound kraft paper and has a sheet steel base and lid. It is generally sealed by means of closing rings and a locking lever.Field BusPart of a network solution that is based on a four-tier model (actuator-sensor level, field level, cell-level, management-level. The "field-level" will generally comprise spatially separated machine lines and local machines linked to each other or to the superordinated level.Fissile nuclides and fissile material Fissile nuclides shall mean uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239 and plutonium-241. Fissile material shall mean a material containing any of the fissile nuclides in quantities exceeding a total of 0.25 g per package or per consignment if shipped unpackaged. Excluded from the definition of fissile material is any combination of the following:

(a)

Natural uranium or depleted uranium that is unirradiated;

(b)

Natural uranium or depleted uranium that has been irradiated in thermal reactors only.These exclusions are only valid if there is no other material with fissile nuclides in the package.Fit-for-purpose packagingPackaging that is able to withstand any stresses that can be expected during the voyage and that will afford appropriate protection to the products. The stresses could vary significantly depending on the method of transport (road, rail. air, sea, combined methods of transport, repeated transshipment, etc.FlakingFlaking is a common fault during the production of enamel goods. In a general sense, it refers to the separation of areas of the surface due to strain and mechanical stress.FlangeA ring welded onto the end of a pipe. It is used with its counterpart to join pipes. The rings are provided with drilled holes through which the pipes can be bolted together.FlapCollapsible rail/ramp for moving loads into the belly of the ship.Flatrack (flat)Container without side walls and roof, with fixed or collapsible end walls.Flexural strengthThe ability of a material or a construction to withstand bending.FlowabilityAbility of crystalline, pulverulent or granular goods to flow freely.Flow moisture point (FMP)Point at which the goods change from solid to liquid state.FoodtraysPreformatted small packages which are also used for sales presentations.Fore and aft stowageLoad stowed along the length of the container or the ship. Contrast athwartships stowage. In the context of load securing, it is of utmost importance whether a container is stowed fore and aft or athwartships on a ship. In the case of athwartships stowage, the greatest acceleration forces act on the actual container longitudinally rather than transversely. Load securing measures must then be taken with this in mind.Forwarding agentSee Freight forwarderFreeportZone where goods can be manufactured and/or stored without payment of their relevant duties and taxes.Freezer burnDrying out of frozen goods.Freezer containerThis is a special type of freezer container which can maintain the temperature of the cargo at approximately -65°C. At approximately -62°C, the "eutectic point" is reached, i.e. as of this temperature, all the water in a product is completely frozen. No microbial activity can occur when there is no free water, and therefore the product does not suffer any further loss of quality. At these temperatures, the product has an infinite storage life.Freezing chainUnbroken chain from manufacture through to the consumer in which the prescribed freezing temperature is constantly maintained.Freight containeran article of transport equipment that is of a permanent character and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated use; it is designed to transport a number of receptacles, packages, unit loads or overpacks together from the packing point to its final destination by road, rail, inland waterway and/or sea without intermediate separate handling of each package, unit load or overpack;Freight container - small, large 2A small freight container shall mean a freight container that has an internal volume of not more than 3 m³ . A large freight container shall mean a freight container that has an internal volume of more than 3 m³ .Freight forwarderIntermediary who arranges for the carriage of goods and/or associated services on behalf of a shipper.Freight villageSee Logistics centreFriction-enhancing matMat made of material which hinders slipping.Fruit respirationExchange of gases between fruits and the ambient air. Apples, for instance, constantly take in oxygen when they respire and release approximately the same quantity of carbon dioxide. If you change the concentration of the gases which are involved in respiratory metabolism, you can permanently affect the intensity of the fruit respiration. This will delay the maturity and degradation processes and thus increase the duration of storage.Full TrailerA full-trailer is a term for a trailer supported by front and rear axles and pulled by a drawbar. In Europe this is known as an A-Frame drawbar trailer. The full trailer may comprise of a semi trailer and a detachable dolly.FumigantA gas that acts as a respiratory poison against pests.Fumigated containerA closed cargo transport unit containing goods or materials that either are or have been fumigated within the unit. The fumigant gases used are either poisonous or asphyxiant. The gases are usually evolved from solid or liquid preparations distributed within the unit.Fungal filmFilm of fungal growth, e.g. on microscope lenses.Fungal hyphaeFungal filaments.Fungicide(Latin: fungus - fungus, cide - inhibiting) A means used to combat mould.

Half-height open-top containerA half-height container with no roof, which is particularly suitable for heavy and compact cargo. The container can be loaded through the open top using a crane. Due to the reduced height of this container, the rates on container ships can sometimes be more favorable.Handlingincludes the operation of loading or unloading/discharging of a ship, railway wagon, vehicle or other means of transport.Handling symbolHandling symbols are an essential part of the marking of packages and ensure greater care is taken during cargo handling.HardboardThis refers to hardboards, generally around 2-3 cm. thick, that are used for load securing and for interlayer dunnage or top dunnage. Since these hardboards only has minimal material strength and, in addition, one side of the board is very smooth, they are not suitable for use as dunnage and cannot be reccommended. The exception is use as lateral load distribution or to protected neighboring cargo from low physical loads, as described under section 5.3.3.7.Hard-top open-top containerContainer that opens at the top and can be closed with a solid roof (steel sheet). Like all containers that open at the top, this is suitable for crane loading.Heat capacityPhysical property of a material indicating its ability to retain heat; measured in kJ/(kg K); typical values: 4.182kJ/(kg˚C) for water, 2.1 kJ/(kg˚C) for ice, 1.6 kJ/(kg˚C) for many frozen foodstuffs.Heat expansion ruptureDamage to a product or its packaging caused by an increase in volume when the temperature rises above a critical point.Heat-induced blowingBulging on cans caused by dilation (expansion) of the canned product.Heat transition coefficientAlso known as the k-value; physical value that specifies the degree of insulation provided by a wall or similar. For containers, heat transition takes account of the heat transfer form the air inside the container to the wall, the heat transmitted by the wall, and the heat transferred to the air outside the container; unit of measurement: W/m²K); Typical value for refrigerated containers: 0.3 W/m²K), 0.4 W/m²K) (old)Heavy-lift steel cornerpiecesThese are angled steel plates attached to the bottom and/or top of cargo items to prevent damage by slinging equipment.Heavy plateHot-rolled thick steel sheets (sometimes several cm), generally further processed or used in the rawsteel industry (shipbuilding).HeelingHeel, heel angle: Temporary inclination of a ship to one side along its fore-and-aft axis brought about by external forces working on the ship. Heeling can be caused by a rough seas, winds of the rudder position. The heel angle describes the inclination of the ship. The heel angle is the deviation from the perpendicular.High cube containerContainer of standard ISO length and width but with a height of 9' 6" (2.9 m).Highly perishable foodstuffsFoodstuffs that are at risk of rapid quality degredation.Hoist operationOperation with lifting gear (cranes etc.)Hold meteorology study groupThe objective of the container meteorology study group at the Warnemünde-Wustrow University of Seafaring, established by Professor Ulrich Scharnow in 1070, who has headed the group since that time, was to investigate the complex thermodynamic processes occurring in containers. The investigations were carried out on two standard containers, each of which was equipped with an air lock to prevent disturbing the cryptoclimate when monitoring and making measurements and a weather station. The results of the investigations were able to provide information to both container manufacturers and consignors, particularly to consignors of hygroscopic goods, about the potential for climatological conditions, particularly in ambient conditions exposed to radiation.Homeothermic pests(Greek: homoios - identical; thermos - heat). Warm-blooded pests.Hot rolled (wide) stripHot rolled steel product with a rectangular cross-section of at least 600 mm in width. It is immediately wound into coils after rolling with the edges aligned as closely as possible (like a watch spring). It is subsequently used to produce thin steel sheet and heavy plate as well as cold rolled strip/cold rolled wide strip.HPE standardsPackaging guidelines for boxes, crates, wooden supports, etc.

HPE is the abbreviation for the: Bundesverband Holzpackmittel Paletten Exportverpackung e.V.(German Federal Association for Wooden Packaging, Export and Palets).

Humidity motorCirculation produced when the temperature gradient between cargo and the container wall is too steep. This increases the transport of humidity to the surfaces of the container.Hydrolytic classThe degree of water resistance for glass products.Hydrolytic/enzymatic fat cleavage(Greek: hydro - water; lysis - solution; enzymos - fermented). Fat cleavage due to moisture and fat-cleaving enzymes (lipases).HydrometerMeasuring equipment used to determine the density of liquids, also areometer.Hygrophilic microorganisms(Greek: hygros - moist, philos - love). Microorganisms that require a relative humidity of > 90%.Hygroscopicity(Greek: hygros - moist). A property of products that react to the air humidity.HubCentral point for the collection, sorting, transhipment and distribution of goods for a particular area.Hub porta port that is the destination of liner service where containers are transhipped onto feeder services for maritime transport onto small container ports.

LabelLabels are, in accordance with the dangerous goods stipulations of the IMDG code, adhesive labels that indicate to all parties concerned what type of dangerous goods are being transported. They differ from placards in terms of size, although placards have the same purpose.

Labels with dimensions of 10 x 10 cm. are designed for use on each of the items to be transported. Placards of at least 25 x 25 cm. must be attached to the outside of the container or vehicle.

Land containerContainer complying with International Railway Union (UIC) specifications, for use in rail-road combined transport.Lashinglash:

Attaching or fixing/securing a load to a means of transport/or securing a load inside a container in order to prevent it from sliding or falling. Lashing is a widely used international term.
The term can be modified to indicate the type of lashing that is meant (direct lashing, diagonal lashing, tie-down lashing). The lashing equipment may be prefabricated lashing belts, chains, wire rope, as well as ropes made of artificial or natural fibers, or a combination of such.

Lashing capacityThe permissible lashing capacity (LC) is the maximum force that may be applied to a lashing. This lashing capacity can be found on a label that is attached to the lashing equipment.
For maritime transport, "MSL" is to be used in accordance with appendix 13 of the guideline entitled "Bekanntmachung von Änderungen von Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Stauung von Ladung bei der Beförderung mit Seeschiffen" ("Publication of amendments to guidelines for the correct stowage of cargoes for carriage in ocean-going ships") of 14 February 1996 (published in the German "Bundesanzeiger" newspaper, 7 May 1996).Lashing crosspieceA construction similar in appearance to a girder, manufactured primarily from steel and offering attachment points for lashing equipment.Lashing equipmentDevices or aids for securing loads against slippage, tipping and falling. It may comprise chains, wires, ropes, straps or rods and is generally used in conjuction with a tensioning device (e.g. turnbuckle, twistlock or ratchet tensioner). Depending on the way in which the load is secured, it may be referred to as cylinder lashing, cross lashing, wire-rope lashing or round-turn lashing. Verb: to lash.Lashing rodMetal rod for securing (lashing) containers on deck.Lateral dunnageCovering the sides of the container with dunnage provides protection against dripping sweat.Lateral tierLateral layer of cargo. Generally used to stabilize the stow or to close off the face of the load.LatticeGrid-like structure, mainly wooden, used to secure the load.Lgjs container carSeries of rail cars for container transportation. The letter j in the name indicates that the car is fitted with buffers.Lift on – lift off (LO-LO)Loading and unloading of intermodal transport units (ITU, see 4.1) using lifting equipment.Lift trucka truck equipped with devices such as arms, forks, clamps, hooks etc. to handle any kind of cargo, including cargo that is unitised, overpacked or packed in CTUs.LighterA lighter is an inland water vessel or barge usually without an engine that was originally used for reducing the draft of a ocean-going vessel by lightening the load thus allowing it to enter the port.Limit of liabilityThe maximum sum of money payable by a carrier to a shipper for any damage or loss to the cargo for which the carrier is liable under the contract of carriage. The amount of the limitation is determined by agreement or by law.Line loadWeight force which can be withstood by a container floor per running meter.Liner bagPlastic fabric fixed inside a standard container with bulk cargo.Liner servicemaritime route between two or more major hub portsLipases(Greek: lipos - fat, oil) Fat-cleaving enzymes.Liquid bulkLiquid cargo.Load limit lineA red line in refrigerated containers that indicates the maximum stowage height of the load to allow sufficient air circulation below the roof.Load-securing foamFoams which are used as fillers, generally made from PE or PU. They are used to fill gaps in the container, and thus to ensure tight fit and firm securing of the load.Loading trackTrack on which ITUs are transhipped.Loading UnitContainer or swap body.Locking coilCoils (rolls of steel sheet) are generally loaded athwartships with their winding axis fore and aft. They are stowed from the side walls inwards, so that one or two spaces are left in the center that are too small for a further coil. The locking coil(s) is (are) placed in this (these) space(s). The opening angle leads to significant lateral pressure. This pressure forces the other coils towards the ship's sides, thus stabilizing the stow / row of coils. Locking coils must not protrude down into the cantlines of the lower tier by more than one-third of the diameter of the locking coil, since if they protrude any further, the increased lateral pressure can lead to damage to the coils.Logistic centreGeographical grouping of independent companies and bodies which are dealing with freight transport (for example, freight forwarders, shippers, transport operators, customs) and with accompanying services (for example, storage, maintenance and repair), including at least a terminal.LogisticsThe process of designing and managing the supply chain in the wider sense

The chain can extend from the delivery of supplies for manufacturing, through the management of materials at the plant, delivery to warehouses and distribution centres, sorting, handling, packaging and final distribution to point of consumption.

LO-LOLift on - lift off. Loading and unloading of ITU using lifting equipmentLow dispersible radioactive materialLow dispersible radioactive material shall mean either a solid radioactive material or a solid radioactive material in a sealed capsule, that has limited dispersibility and is not in powder form.Low floor wagonA rail wagon with a low loading platform built to carry, inter alia, ITUsLow specific activity materialLow specific activity (LSA) material shall mean radioactive material that by its nature has a limited specific activity, or radioactive material for which limits of estimated average specific activity apply. External shielding materials surrounding the LSA material shall not be considered in determining the estimated average specific activity.Low toxicity alpha emittersLow toxicity alpha emitters are: natural uranium, depleted uranium, natural thorium, uranium-235 or uranium-238, thorium-232, thorium-228 and thorium-230 when contained in ores or physical and chemical concentrates; or alpha emitters with a half-life of less than 10 days.Lower temperature limitTemperatures below this limit lead to quality degradation, e.g. chilling.Low temperature flexibilityIncreased kink resistance achieved by adding plasticizer to synthetic plastics.Low-temperature refrigerated containersRefrigerated containers that enable goods to be transported at temperatures as low as -60˚C.Lumen(Latin: lumen - cavity). Pores in the structure of wood, cavities in vegetable fibers.

Management systemManagement system shall mean a set of interrelated or interacting elements (system) for establishing policies and objectives and enabling the objectives to be achieved in an efficient and effective manner.Marine CarrierAny person or entity who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performanceof carriage by deep sea, coastal or feeder vessel.Maritime containerA container strong enough to be stacked in a cellular ship and to be top liftedMaximum cargo heightFrozen goods are packed using the block stowage method merely for protection against the effects of external heat, so it must be ensured that subzero temperatures are maintained in the floor, side and ceiling areas. A free space of at least 8-10 cm must be left for the return air between the top of the cargo block and the container roof. This maximum cargo height is indicated in the containers.Maximum grossthe maximum permissible mass of cargo packed into a CTU combined with the mass of the CTU, also referred to as the rating and would normally be marked onto CTUs as appropriate.Maximum normal operating pressureMaximum normal operating pressure shall mean the maximum pressure above atmospheric pressure at mean sea level that would develop in the containment system in a period of one year under the conditions of temperature and solar radiation corresponding to environmental conditions in the absence of venting, external cooling by an ancillary system, or operational controls during transport.Maximum payloadthe maximum permissible mass of cargo to be packed into or onto a CTU. It is the difference between the maximum gross mass or rating and the tare weight, which are normally marked on CTUs as appropriate;Maximum Securing Load (MSL)The strength of a material to resist a tensile load without suffering plastic / permanent deformation. The MSL is extremely important for cargo securing, since materials which are liable to suffer permanent deformation must not be used for securing cargoes. Cargo securing materials must therefore be dimensioned to ensure that they are loaded no further than their MSL.Mediterranean fruit flyQuarantine pest which particularly attacks citrus fruit.Medulla(Latin: medulla - marrow). The medula is responsible for feeding the wood fibre.Mesophilic microorganisms (humidity)(Greek: mesos - middle; philos - love). Microorganisms thriving above 86% relative humidity.Mesophilic microorganisms (temperature)(Greek: mesos - middle; philos - love). Microorganisms thriving at medium temperatures.mm H₂OMillimeters of water: Unit for small differences in pressure, measured as the difference in height in mm between the two surfaces of a water collumn in a siphon. 1 mm H₂O = 9.81 Pa.Modular unit load dimensionsPackages or unit loads are suitable for modular container stuffing if their dimensions or multiples of their dimensions are equal to the internal dimensions of the container. By using appropriately dimensioned load units it is possible to tightly pack the container making good use of the "natural" securing elements of the container, namely the side and end walls. If the cargo modular unit load dimensions and the overall load is of appropriate dimensions, there may be no need for additional load securing measures to be implemented.Modular unit load packagingPackaging whose dimensions permit the items in a consignment to be grouped together to form modules. Modules are predefined basic sizes defined for cargo units which enable them to fit together to be combined and to be transported with different means of transport.Moisture sensitivityDegree to which the quality of a product is impacted even by minimal uptake of water vapor.Mold growth thresholdRelative humidity in excess of 75% promotes rapid multiplication of the majority of mold species.Monophagic(Greek: monos - one; phagein - to eat). Associated with a particular food source.MSLMaximum Securing Load (MSL) is the strength of a material to resist a tensile load without suffering plastic / permanent deformation. The MSL is extremely important for cargo securing, since materials which are liable to suffer permanent deformation must not be used for securing cargoes. Cargo securing materials must therefore be dimensioned to ensure that they are loaded no further than their MSL. For maritime transport "MSL" is to be used in accordance with appendix 13 of the guideline entitled "Bekanntmachung von Änderungen von Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Stauung von Ladung bei der Beförderung met Seeschiffen" ("Publication of amendments to guidelines for the correct stowage of cargoes for carriage in ocean-going ships") of 14 February 1996 (published in the German "Bundesanzeiger" newspaper, 7 May 1996). The text of this guideline can be found in TIS.MycotoxinsPoisonous metabolic products produced by mold.Multimodalrefers to CTUs that are designed for use on more than one mode of transportMultimodal transportCarriage of goods by two or more modes of transportMultimodal transport operator (MTO)Any person who concludes a multimodal transport contract and assumes the whole responsibility for the performance thereof as a carrier or a transport operator.

PackagePackage shall mean the complete product of the packing operation, consisting of the packaging and its contents prepared for transport. The types of package covered by these Regulations that are subject to the activity limits and material restrictions of Section IV and meet the corresponding requirements are:

(a)

Excepted package;

(b)

Industrial package Type 1 (Type IP-1);

(c)

Industrial package Type 2 (Type IP-2);

(d)

Industrial package Type 3 (Type IP-3);

(e)

Type A package;

(f)

Type B(U) package;

(g)

Type B(M) package;

(h)

Type C package.Packages containing fissile material or uranium hexafluoride are subject to additional requirements.Packagesthe complete product of the packing operation, consisting of the packaging and its contents as prepared for transport;Packagingreceptacles and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment functionPackerthe party that places the goods within the container, trailer or packaging.Packingthe packing of packaged and/or unitized or overpacked cargoes into CTUsPailA container made from plastic or steel with a firmly closed lid, for transportation of liquids, in particular paints and oils.Palleta term used for a load-carrying platform onto which loose cargo is stacked before being placed inside a container. It is designed to be moved easily by fork-lift trucks.Pallet boxTransport container/box with integrated pallet.PalletizationLoading of uniform packages onto pallets in accordance with a predefined packing plan. For reasons of stability this should be done in such a way that the load items interlock.PalletizedCargo which has been grouped into a single cargo unit. Better rates are generally available for packing containers with palletized loads in the case of LCL (Less than Container Load), as a pallet load can be better handled with ground conveyors (q.v.) than individual items.PanamaxShip with dimensions that allow it to pass through the Panama canal: maximum length 295 m, maximum beam overall 32.25 m, maximum draught 13.50 m.Paper dunnageCovering the floor. sides and cargo surface with paper dunnage provides protection against dripping sweat.ParasitosesThese are diseases caused by parasites.Partial pressure differenceIn a mixture of gases, each component has a partial pressure. The sum total of all partial pressures is the absolute pressure. The partial pressure difference is the difference between the partial pressures of the gases either side of a gas separation membrane.Particulate air contaminantsAir pollution caused by dust.Passive behaviourDefines the sensitivity of cargo to other cargo and to its environment (e.g. sensitivity to foreign odors).PayloadThe revenue-producing load carried by means of transport.PCTPower Cable Transmission: Transfer of digital data by means of the high-voltage power table.Peel discolourationChilling damage in citrus fruit.PenetrationPenetration of packages occurs as a result of insect activity (holes eaten out by insects).Permeation rateProperty of a material which measures the rate at which gases pass through the material as a result of solution diffusion processes.Phase changeChange to the state of an aggregate as a result of temperatures rising above or below the solidification and melting temperatures, e.g. with oils and fats.PH valueHydrogen ion concentration. This indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.Physiological ripenessPost-climacteric: This is the start of overripeness. The fruits start to decompose, the taste suffers and the fruits can easily be attacked by mold or rot.Phytosanitary certificateCertificate of health under the International Plant Protection Convention.Picking or industrial ripenessPreclimacteric, the stage of ripeness prior to the ready-to-eat/ripe for consumption stage.Piggy backTransport of road vehicles on rail wagons.Pileworm/ShipwormTeredo which destroys wood.Pipe clampsThese are used to protect cylindrical goods, to unitize them and to ensure that they can be transported safely. They comprise pairs of squared lumber, steel profiles or similar materials which are placed above or below the goods and are generally connected to each other with threaded rods at the sides.PitchingMovements of a ship around its transverse axis.PlacardPlacards are, in accordance with the dangerous goods stipulations of the IMDG code, adhesive placards that indicate to all parties concerned what type of dangerous goods are being transported. They differ from labels in terms of size, although labels have the same purpose.

Placards of at least 25 x 25 cm must be attached to the outside of the container or vehicle.Labels of a size of 10 x 10 cm must be attached to each package to be transported.

Pocket wagonA rail wagon with a recessed pocket to accept the axle/wheel assembly of a semi trailer.Poikilothermic pests(Greek: poecil - multicolored; thermos - heat) Cold-blooded pests.Polymerization(Greek: poly - many; meros - part) Gelling of oils caused by exposure to heat, in particular in the context of plastics manufacture.Polyphagic(Greek: poly - many) Associated with many food sources.Polypropylene wrapped Hercules, Hercules cordageA particularly strong type of rope: Hercules rope is a combination of fiber and wire rope, the individual strands have a wire core. This construction means that Hercules rope is easier to handle than ordinary wire rope.Polyurethane foamUsed to insulate refrigerated containers. It is also known as construction foam.Porthole containerRefrigerated containers without a separate refrigeration unit:

Porthole refrigerated containers, also called insulated or CONAIR containers, do not have their own refrigeration unit. They are thus reliant on an external supply of cold air. This is achieved by refrigeration units of various types, permanently installed on the ship, permanently installed in the terminal or clip-on units for individual containers.Porthole containers are thermally insulated and have two sealable openings on the end walls (the portholes) through which cold air can be blown into the container and warm air can be extracted. The cold air is forced through the lower opening into the container, then distributed throughout the load via the T-bar floor, and subsequently flows through the load to the top of the container and is extracted through the upper opening.

Postclimacteric(Latin: post - after; climactericus - turning point, critical time) Physiological ripeness.Post fermentationHeat and moisture can cause products such as coffee, cocoa, tobacco to ferment again, which in turn can make them unfit for consumption.Postmortem(Latin: post - after; mors - death) After death.Post PanamaxShip with at least one dimension greater than Panamax.PrecarriageThe carriage of goods (containers) by any mode of transport from the place of receipt to the port (place) of loading into the ocean vessel (main means of transport).Preclimacteric(Latin: climactericus - turning point, critical time) Picking, harvesting, shipping or industrial ripeness.Pre-fabricated lashing beltsThese are ready-made lashing belts with hooks and tensioning elements sewn in.Preserved foodsSemi-preserved foodstuffs with limited shelf life.Preserved foodstuffsFoodstuffs preserved by sterilization and stored in cans/jars.Preslung cargo unitsIn order to accelerate unloading, the strops used on loading are left on the cargo units. This then makes slinging unnecessary when discharging the cargo.Pre-Trip Inspection (PTI)Test to examine correct operation of a refrigerated container. The test should be carried out before transporting refrigerated goods.PrincipalA person for whom another acts as an agent.Private sidingDirect rail connection to a company.Protection of stored commoditiesProtection of goods against spoilage by animal pests.Psychrophillic micro-organisms(Greek: psychros - cold, philos - love) Micro-organisms that thrive at low temperatures.Psychrophillic spoilageSpoilage on the surface of meat/fish.PutrefactionAutolysis due to enzymes within the meat.Pycnometer(Greek: pyknos - sealed) Measuring device used to determine the density of liquids.

Radiation classRadiation conditions calculated on the basis of the measured duration of sunshine and solar altitude for 10 day measurement periods.Radiation levelRadiation level shall mean the corresponding dose rateRadiation protection programmeRadiation protection programme shall mean systematic arrangements that are aimed at providing adequate consideration of radiation protection measures.Radioactive contentsRadioactive contents shall mean the radioactive material together with any contaminated or activated solids, liquids and gases within the packaging.Radioactive materialRadioactive material shall mean any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total activity in the consignment exceed the values specified in paras 402–407.Rail loading gaugeThe profile through which a rail vehicle and its loads (wagons - ITUs) must pass, taking into account tunnels and track-side obstacles.RancidityOils and fats spoil by becoming rancid. This causes changes in odor and taste, which can make edible oils and fats inedible.Reach stackerTractor vehicle with front equipment for lifting, stacking or moving.RecoveryCapacity of a material or construction to return to its original position (elastic deformation).RecrystalizationIf meat is frozen rapidly at low temperatures (e.g. -27°C), small ice crystals are produced. If meat rises to a higher temperatures (e.g. -10°C), the ice crystals grow larger, i.e. they recrystallize. As of a certain size, they can rupture the cell walls of the meat. These "perforated" cell walls lose substantially more cell juices than cell walls which are not damaged. The result is a loss of juice, also known as "drip loss".ReeferIndustry term for a temperature-controlled container. Inside each one is a complex system of coils, wires and electrical fittings, which are managed by a computer that controls everything from the temperature and humidity to ventilation and gas levels, all working to prevent the deterioration of fresh food or other sensitive goods over long distances and periods of time.Relative humidityRelative humidity is derived from the ratio of absolute moisture content to saturation content. Depending on its temperature, air can absorb different quantities of water vapor until it is saturated (100% relative humidity). Absolute humidity (moisture content) is the quantity of water actually present in the air and is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m²). Relative humidity expresses as a percentage the quantity of water vapor the air has at a specific temperature, relative to its saturation content. If, for instance, air at 20°C has an absolute humidity of 12.1 it will have a relative humidity of 70%. If air has reached its saturation content at 20°C, it has absorbed 17.3 g/m³ of water.Residual oil, feedstuffs containingPressing residues arising from oil extraction from oil-bearing seeds/ fruit.RespirationBreathing. Even after it has been harvested, fruit undergoes ripening processes. Bananas, for instance, absorb O₂ from the ambient atmosphere, convert starch to sugar and release CO₂ ethylene, water vapor and heat. This ripening process is also known as respiration.Respiring heatHeat which is released during respiration.Respiring goodsGenerally goods of vegetable origin, for example fruits, for which ripening or degradation processes are taking pale. These takr air (or gases) from the atmosphere surrounding them and give off SO₂, water vapor and heat to their environment.Responsible persona person appointed by a shore-side employer who is empowered to take all decisions relating to his/her specific task, having the necessary current knowledge and experience for that purpose, and who, where required, is suitably certificated or otherwise recognized by the regulatory authority.Return air temperatureTemperature of the air which is drawn off from the refrigerated hold / container. The return air temperature is controlled during refrigeration.Risk factorsRequired information on possible risks for the transport, handling and storage processes.Risk of larceny / theftRisk of the illegal removal or appropriation of goods or objects. A distinction is made between simple larceny (i.e. without the use of force) and compound larceny (i.e. with forced entry by breaking and entering or by copied keys).Road – rail transportCombined transport by rail and road.Road trainA motor vehicle coupled to a trailer (sometimes referred to in English as a drawbar-trailer combination).ROLARoll on - Roll off trains. Similar to a piggyback train but the entire road vehicle, tractor unit and trailer, is driven on and off special rail wagons.Roll angleAngle at which a ship moves around its longitudinal axis.Roll on – roll off (RO-RO)Roll on - Roll off. Loading and unloading of a road vehicle, a wagon or an ITU on or off a ship on its own wheels or wheels attached to it for that purpose. In the case of rolling road, only road vehicles are driven on and off a train.Rolling roadTransport of complete road vehicles, using roll-on roll-off techniques, on trains comprising low-floor wagons throughoutRolling road wagonA rail wagon with low floor throughout which, when coupled together, form a rolling-road.Roll oscillationOscillation due to rolling. This is the same given the the movement of a ship around its longitudinal axis.Roof bowsSteel or aluminum frame construction in conjunction with removable wooden/aluminum gates that hold the tarpaulin of a truck, trailer, semi-trailer or a swap body. This type of open-sided construction is sometimes known as a tarpaulin truck.RO-RO rampA flat or inclined ramp, usually adjustable, which enables road vehicles to be driven onto or off a ship or a rail wagon.RO-RO shipRoll-on/roll-off: Cargo ship on which the mobile cargo can be rolled directly on and off board (by lorry, trailer,etc.) by means of bow, stern and side doors (ramps). In contrast to this, cargo loaded and discharged on other cargo ships by means of their own or external loading tackle (vertical handling).Round turnHawsers, ropes or belts wound around an item. On the one hand as a basis for forming a knot, on the other hand as a method of lashing. Unfortunately, round turn lashing is a widespread "securing method". It is absolutely unsuitable for securing a cargo as the cargo can move "freely" in the loop and no securing effect is thus achieved.

Safe to transportCargo is secured appropriately if it is loaded, stowed and secured in such a way that it cannot be damaged by events that can be reasonably expected during carriage.Safety approval plate A plate permanently affixed to every approved container at a readily visible place, adjacent to any other approval plate issued for official purposes, where it cannot be easily damaged. The safety approval plate may be combined together with other official plates but all must show:The words "CSC Safety Approval Plate"The country of approval and approval referenceDate (month and year) of manufacturethe manufacturer's identification numberMaximum operating gross massAllowable stacking mass for 1.8gTransverse racking test loadalso known at the CSC PlateSalmonellosisInfectious, febrile intestinal and general diseases caused by salmonellae.San-José scaleQuarantine pest that attacks stone fruit, pomaceous fruit and berries, as well as decorative woods and structural lumber.Saturation contentDepending on its temperature, air can absorb different quantities of water vapor until it is saturated (100% relative humidity).Sealed packagePackaging impervious to water vapor used to store goods at risk of corrosion. Desiccants are used in sealed packages to maintain an artificial atmosphere with a relative humidity of <40%. No corrosion is possible below this threshold.Secondary infectionContamination caused as a result of microorganisms (durable spores) from previous contaminated loads that are able to attack a subsequent cargo.Self-heatingTemperature increase within an organic solid without external heat input.Semi-finished product (semi)Steel products that have already been shaped by hot-rolling or continuous casting processes and which are then subjected to further shaping to produce finished products. These include: Rough-rolled blocks (blooms with round or square cross-sections), slabs, billets, boards and ingots.Semi-trailerA non-powered vehicle for the carriage of goods, intended to be coupled to a motor vehicle in such a way that a substantial part of its weight and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Semi-trailers may have to be specially adapted for use in combined transport.SenderSee ConsignorSeparationChill haze.Shipa seagoing or non-seagoing watercraft, including those used on inland waters:ShipmentShipment shall mean the specific movement of a consignment from origin to destination.Shipperany person or organization paying for its cargo to be shipped from one place to another.Shipping markPart of the marking on packages. The shipping mark comprises:Identification marks: e.g. initial letters of recipient or shipperIdentification number: e.g. the recipient;s order numberTotal number of items in the complete consignmentSequential number of the package in the consignmentFinal destination and port of destination.Shock and/or tilt indicationThese indicators area attached to sensitive loads for monitoring purposes. they indicate which specified threshold values had been exceeded either in terms of acceleration or tilt.Short seamaritime route between two or more coastal ports normally undertaken by small coastal ships or barges.Short sea shippingMovement of cargo by sea between ports situated in Europe as well as between ports in Europe and ports situated in non-European countries having a coastline on the enclosed seas bordering Europe.Shrinkage in massLoss in volume, for instance with leather goods as a result of drying out.Shrinkage / shortageLoss in volume, reduction (weight loss) of goods during transport.Shrink wrappingShrink wrapping involves enclosing the package contents in shrink film (flat or tubular film), heat sealing any unsealed portions and separating the packages from the film web or covering the package contents with a shrink cover. Depending upon the shape and weight of the package contents, the shrink material used should be PE or plasticized PVC film of a thickness of 0.01 to 0.2 mm, with PE films being particularly suitable for heavy items. The film is heated from the outside in a shrink-wrap oven or with hand-held heat gun, thus releasing the captive tension in the file. Shrink films are produced in either mono-axial (in a single direction) or bi-axial (in two directions) orientation. As the film cools down, it shrinks around the package contents, applying a very low pressure per unit area.SinteringPhysical changes in materials caused by high temperatures; applied in particular to metals, ceramics and minerals / rock.ShuntingThe operation when single railway wagons or groups of railway wagons are pushed to run against each other and be coupled together.Sirex wasp (Urocerus gigas L.)Giant wood wasp. When using packaging made of wood for marine transport to Australia and New Zealand, the appropriate treatment and certification of the wood must be observed.SKDSKD (Semi Knocked Down cars). For export to countries which apply high levels of customs duty to luxury goods, automobiles are shipped in completely knocked down (CKD) or semi/part knocked down (SKD, PKD) form. In this case, the package sizes for the individual components are adapted precisely to the container in which they are transported, which means that the cargo is secured by tight fit.Skeletal trailerA skeletal trailer composed of a simple chassis comprising of longitudinal main beams, rolling gear and container support (transverse) beams for the mounting of an intermodal container, sometimes known as a Chassis.SkidsSkids are sled-like bases used to facilitate ground conveyance of / securing of, for example, heavy machinery and machine parts.SlabCuboid half-finished steel products that are hot-rolled into sheets at the rolling mill.Slim wedgesSee tapered blocks.SlingingDescribes the process of attaching slinging equipment (for example, ropes, chains or webbing slings) to a load in order for it to be lifted / transshipped safely using lifting gear, for example, a crane.Slit stripRolled sheets are produced in relatively wide strips (e.g. >600 mm), also called wide strip, in order to be able to offer narrower strips, the strips are cut to slit strip in a slitting unit.Slot positionSpecified the position of the container on board the ship, for example using the Bay Row Tier system.Slot rateRate used to calculate the cost of renting a slot for transporting a single container on board a ship.Smart ReeferA type of refrigerated container (trade name).Sorption behavior(Latin: adsorbere - take up) Absorption or release of water vapor by a hygroscopic cargo until equilibrium is reached.Sorption isothermsGraphical representation of the sorption behavior of a substance at a specified temperature.Special arrangementSpecial arrangement shall mean those provisions, approved by the competent authority, under which consignments that do not satisfy all the applicable requirements of these Regulations may be transported.Special form radioactive materialSpecial form radioactive material shall mean either an indispersible solid radioactive material or a sealed capsule containing radioactive material.Specially-shaped stanchionsThese are collapsible stanchions that can be inserted and locked in place or unlocked and folded down. Stanchions are suitable for providing tight fitting lateral load securing for many types of load.Spine wagonA rail wagon with a central chassis designed to carry a semi-trailer.Spontaneous combustionA rise in temperature of an organic solid without external heat to a point where the solid ignites spontaneously.Many spreaders have in addition grappler arms that engage the bottom side rails of an ITU.SpreaderContainers were traditionally handled using four wire ropes and cranes. However, as the opening angle of the wire ropes placed considerable horizontal pressure on the tops of the containers, steel frame constructions (spreaders) were introduced in order to reduce these forces. These spreaders have undergone constant development are are still used on container gantries today.StackingStorage or carriage of ITUs on top of each other.Stacking loadThe force acting on lower packing units as a result of the units stacked on top of them. Standardized DIN and ISO symbols are used to identify the permitted stacking loads.Stalk positionDifferent positions of tobacco leaves on the stalk which are harvested at different times.StanchionRods or bars on the sides and corners of an open means of transport or container, used to secure the cargo. Removable stanchions are inserted into the stanchion pockets provided.Stomach poisonPoison which enters the body of the insect on food intake (ingestion). Stomach poisons are usually administered using artificial bait.Storage climate conditionsRefers to the specific external conditions (humidity, temperature, ventilation) in which particular products can be stored without risk of a reduction in value or of damage to the products.StowageThe positioning of packages, IBCs, containers, swap-bodies, tank-containers, vehicles or other CTUs on board ships, in warehouses and sheds or in other areas such as terminals.Stowage factorThe stowage factor specifies how many cbm or cbf of hold space in a ship will be taken up by a metric tonne, a US ton, or an imperial ton (1.000 kg / 907.18 kg) of cargo taking into account gaps, shape of the hold, number of, tween decks, supports and the use of dunnage.Straddle carrierA rubber-tyred overhead lifting vehicle for moving or stacking containers on a level reinforced surface.Stretch wrapStretch film used to wrap cargo to form bales or to wrap cargo to pallets.StripTo unpack / unload a container.StrippingUnloading of cargo from an ITU.StropSlinging equipment from various materials. Strops are slung round the load and attached to the hook of the crane.StuffTo pack or load a container.StuffingThe act of packing goods within a container or trailer.SublimationTransition from the solid to gaseous state without passing through the liquid state.Super high cube containerContainer exceeding ISO dimensions. These dimensions vary and may include, for example, lengths of 45' (13.72 m), 48' (14.64 m), or 53' (16.10 m).Surface contaminated objectSurface contaminated object (SCO) shall mean a solid object that is not itself radioactive but which has radioactive material distributed on its surface.Swap bodyA freight carrying unit optimised to road vehicle dimensions and fitted with handling devices for transfer between modes, usually road/rail.Sweat classClassification of sweat water according to intensity. Grades range from 0 (no sweat water) through to 9 (greatest formation of sweat water). The classification is made by observing the volume of water produced by m2 surface, thus how many grams of sweat water appear for each square meter for each of the grades.SwellabilityIncrease in volume of solid substances, particularly hygroscopic substances, (paper, natural fibers) as a result of exposure to moisture.SyneresisCongregation of molecules, leads to "sweating" in cereals.Syrup formationFormation of viscous liquids as a result of humidity and warmth, for example, in dried fruits.

TankTank shall mean a portable tank (including a tank container), a road tank vehicle, a rail tank wagon or a receptacle that contains solids, liquids, or gases, having a capacity of not less than 450 L when used for the transport of gases.Tank containerA large container essentially comprising an ISO frame in which liquid containers are mounted. They must meet special requirements with respect to pressure-resitance as a result of the pressures they have to withstand. For this reason, the actual containers are generally cylindrical or sperical in form. Several containers can be mounted either horizontally or vertically in a single frame. Only specific containers must be used for foodstuffs and must be marked "Potable liquids only". Tank containers for hazardous goods must meet the requirements of the IMDG code. Half-height tank containers serve to carry high-density liquids which cannot be carried in normal tank containers because they cannot be filled to a high enough level and are therefore subject to surging.Tapered blocksThese are wedges cut at a narrow angle to allow small gaps between items of cargo to be braced. They are also referred to as slim wedges or driving wedges.TareWeight of ITU or vehicle without cargoTare mass / weightThe mass of the empty container including permanently affixed ancillary equipment.TBUTransformer Bypass Unit: Component of a remote refrigerated container monitoring system with data transfer via the power cable. A TBU allows a transformer to be bridged, that would otherwise not let the data signal pass.Telescope cartonThe top of telescope cartons is fabricated as a separate part and overlaps all four sides of the carton (e.g. banana boxes).Temperature-controlled transportTransportation during which the optimum temperature for chilled and frozen product is maintained.Temperature/dew point differenceThe difference between the temperature of the goods and the dew point temperature of the air surroundings of the goods.Temperature gradientDifferences in temperature within a spatial distance.TerminalA place equipped for the transhipment and storage of ITUs.TEUTwenty-foot Equivalent Unit. A standard unit based on an ISO container of 20 feet length (6.10 m), used as a statistical measure of traffic flows or capacities.

One standard 40' ISO Series I container equals 2 TEUs

Textured coated boardPlywood board with a phenolic laminate backing to enhance durability. The laminate is textured with a screen-printing process.Theoretical densityPure solid lumber without cavities.Thermophilic microorganisms(Greek: thermos - heat, philos - love) Microorganisms that thrive on heat.Thigmotaxis(Greek: thigma - contact, touch; taxis - arrangement, sequentce) Stimulus by touch.Through or intoThrough or into shall mean through or into the countries in which a consignment is transported but specifically excludes countries over which a consignment is carried by air, provided that there are no scheduled stops in those countries.TierLayer in a container that is numbered from bottom to top.Tight fitA method of securing the load by direct or indirect physical contact with load-bearing components of the means of transport or the transport container.TLVTreshold Limit Value(referring to harmful substances in the workplace)Tower unitsCooling equipment for supplying of cool air to porthole containers in terminals.Toxic(Greek: toxikon - poison). Poisonous.Toxicity(Greek: toxicon - poison). The degree to which a substance is poisonous.Track gaugeThe distance between the internal sides of rails on a railway line. It is generally 1.435 m.

Other gauges are generally used in some European countries: for instance, 1.676 m in Spain and Portugal, 1.524 m in the Russian Federation.

Trade imbalanceDiscrepancy between the amount a country imports and the amount it exports.TrailerA non-powered vehicle for the carriage of goods, intended to be coupled to a motor vehicle, excluding semi-trailers.TranshipmentMoving ITUs from one means of transport to another.Transpiration lossesEvaporation losses in vegetable products as a result of respiration (transpiration).Transportmovement of cargo by one or more modes of transport;Transport indexTransport index (TI) assigned to a package, overpack or freight container, or to unpackaged LSA-I or SCO-I, shall mean a number that is used to provide control over radiation exposure.Transport operatorThe person responsible for the carriage of goods, either directly or using a third party.Transport-related acceleration forcesNegative and positive accelerations are dynamic, mechanical stresses which occur in two main types during the transportation of goods.regular acceleration forces andirregular acceleration forcesRegular acceleration forces primarily occur in maritime transport. Acceleration of up to one g (g= 9.81 m/s²) and, in extreme cases, even more, may occur due to rolling and pitching in rough seas. Such regular acceleration forces have an impact on the effort involved in load securing.

Irregular acceleration forces occur during cornering or when a train passes over switches, during braking, starting up, hoisting and lowering. Such acceleration forces are not generally repeated, but they may occur several times at varying intensities during transport. These are the typical stresses of land transport and transport, handling and storage operations.

Transport-related properties of productsProduct properties required for transport, handling and storage processes.Transport temperaturesLoading, travel and pulp temperatures / Optimum storage temperatures of a product.TrayTrays are preformed containers made from plastic to take individual fruits that are particularly sensitive to pressure.TrichinosisHuman disease caused by triciniellae (trichinella spiralis). Household pets, for example may be secondary hosts. Meat inspections are statutory preventive measures.Turgor(Latin: turgescere - to swell). Inner pressure, distension of cells.TurnbuckleTightening elements made up for two threaded rods, a threaded barrels and a lever, usually in the form of a ratchet. Turnbuckles are the preferred tensioning method when securing loads with chains.TurnerBanana that is becoming ripe to eat.Twenty Foot Equivalent unit (teu)A standard unit based on an ISO container of twenty feet length (6.10m), used as a statistical measure of traffic flow or capacity.TwistlockA twistlock and corner casting together form a standardised rotating connector for securing shipping containers. The primary uses are for locking a container into place on container ship, semi-trailer truck or railway container train; and for lifting of the containers by container cranes and sidelifters.

AAAlways AfloatAAPAAmerican Association of Port AuthoritiesAAPMAAustralian Association of Port and Maritime AuthoritiesAARAssociation of American RailroadsAARAgainst All Risks (insurance clause)ACEPApproved continuous examination programmeADREuropean Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by RoadAEIAutomatic electronic identificationAIAll inclusiveAIDAgency for International DevelopmentAISAutomated Identification SystemAMSAAustralian Marine Safety AuthorityANSIAmerican National Standards InstitutionAQIAgriculture Quarantaine InspectionASEANAssociation of South East Asian NationsATAAmerican Trucking AssociationATDNSHINCAny Time Day or Night Sundays & Holidays IncludedAWWLAlways within Institute Warranties LimitsBAFBunker Adjustment FactorB/LBill of LadingBBBare BoatBBLBarrelBICBureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal.BIFABritish International freight AssociationBIMCOBaltic and International Maritime CouncilBIsBalesBLUCoP for Safe Loading & Unloading of Bulk CarriersBPSafety Briefing PamphletBSIBritish Standards InstituteC&FCost and FreightCADCash Against DocumentsCAFCost, Assurance and FreightCAFCost, Adjustment FactorCBMCubic MetreCCCCarrier Container CouncilCCCInternational Customs Convention for Containers (1972)CCNRCentral Commission for the Navigation of the RhineCDI-mpcChemical Distribution Institute – Marine Packed CargoCEFICConseil Européen des Federations de l'Industrie Chimique (European Trade Association for Chemicals)CENEuropean Committee for Standardization (Comité Européen de Normalisation)CFRCost and FreightCFSContainer Freight StationCGCorrespondence GroupCGPMComité International des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights and Measures)CICost and InsuranceCIAChemical Industries AssociationCIFCost, Insurance and FreightCIF&CPrice includes commission as well as CIFCIF&ECost, Insurance, Freight, Interest and ExchangeCIFCICost, Insurance, Freight, Collection and InterestCIMInternational Convention concerning the Carriage of Goods by RailCIPCarriage and Insurance PaidCIRIAThe Construction Industry Research and Information AssociationCLCarload" of Container loadCLECATEuropean Association for Forwarding, Transport, Logistics and Customs ServicesCMCubic MeterCMPHGross Crane Moves per hourCMRConvention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by RoadCOAContainer Owners AssociationCODCollect on DeliveryCOfGCentre of GravityCOGSACarriage of Goods by Sea ActCOPCode of PracticeCOUClip on UnitCPCCertificate of Professional CompetenceCPDCarnet de Passage en DouaneCPTCarriage Paid To.CSCConvention for Safe Containers (CSC) 1972CSIContainer Security InitiativeC-TPATCustoms Trade Partnership Against TerrorismCTUCargo Transport UnitCWOCash with OrderCWTDeadweight TonnageCYContainer YardD&HDangerous and Hazardous cargoD/ADocuments against AcceptanceD/PDocument against PaymentDDCDestination Delivery ChargeDDPDelivery Duty PaidDDUDelivery Duty UnpaidDEShip Design & Equipment Sub-CommitteeDEQDelivery Ex QuayDESDelivered Ex ShipDGDrafting GroupDG MOVEEuropean Commission’s Directorate-General for Mobility and TransportDG VIIDirectorate/General VII TransportDISDraft International StandardDITDestination Interchange TerminalDnVDet Norske VeritasDOLDepartment of LabourDOTU.S. Department of TransportationDSCDangerous Goods Solid Cargoes and Containers Sub-CommitteeE&TEditorial and Technical GroupECEEconomic Commission for Europe (UN Agency)ECHEmpty container handlerECMCU.S. Exporters Competitive Maritime CouncilECOSOCEconomic and Social Council (UN Agency)EDIElectronic Data InterchangeEFFAEuropean Freight Forwarders' AssociationEFIPAEuropean Federation of Inland Ports AssociationEFTElectronic Funds TransferEIAEuropean Intermodal AssociationEIREquipment Interchange ReceiptEMSAEuropean Matritime Safety AgencyESAEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at WorkESCEuropean Shippers' CouncilESCAPEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN Agency)ESPOEuropean Sea Ports OrganizationESPOEuropean Sea Ports AssociationETAEstimated Time of ArrivalETDEstimated Time of DepartureETSEstimated Time of SailingEUEuropean UnionEVAEconomic Value AddedEWIBEastern Weighing and Inspection BureauEXWEx-worksFAFFuel Adjustment Factor, see also BAFFAKFreight All KindsFALFacilitation CommitteeFASFree Alongside ShipFATFully automated twistlockFCAFree CarrierFCCFlexitank / Container CombinationFCLFull Container LoadFDFree DischargeFDAFood and Drug AdministrationFDISFinal Draft International StandardFEPORTFederation of European Private Port OperatorsFEUForty-foot Equivalent UnitFIATAInternational Federation of Freight Forwarders AssociationsFIATAInternational Federation of Freight Forwarders AssociationsFIFOFree In - Free Out (see FIO)FIOFree In and OutFMCFree Maritime CommissionsFMCSAFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationFOFree OutFOBFree On BoardFORFree On RailFPAFree of Particular AverageFPPIForeign Principal Party of InterestFTAFreight Transport AssociationGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGBLGovernment Bill of LadingGMPHGross Moves per HourGOHGarment on HangerGPGeneral PurposeGRIGeneral Rate IncreaseGSFGlobal Shippers' ForumGTGross TonnageGVWGross Vehicle WeightHNSHazardous and Noxious Substances ConventionHSEHealth and Safety ExecutiveIACSInternational Association of Classification SocietiesIAEAInternational Atomic Energy AuthorityIAPHInternational Association of Ports and HarboursIATAInternational Air Transport AssociationIBCIntermediate Bulk ContainerIBTAInternational Bulk Terminals AssociationICAOInternational Civil Aviation OrganisationICCInternational Chamber of CommerceICCInterstate Commerce Commission (US)ICGBInternational Cargo Gear Bureau, Inc.ICHCAICHCA International LimitedICSInternational Chamber of ShippingIEImmediate ExitIFAInternational Freight AssociationIFCORInternational Intermodal Freight Container Reporting OrganisationIFMInward Foreign ManifestIFPTAInternational Forest Products Transport AssociationIHMAInternational Harbour Masters AssociationIICLInstitute of International Container LessorsIIMSInternational Institute of Marine SurveyorsIISPCGInter Industry Shipping & Ports Contact GroupILAInternational Longshoremen’s AssociationILOInternational Labour OrganisationILWUInternational Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's UnionIMCIntermodal Marketing CompanyIMCOInternational Maritime Control Organisation. See IMOIMDGInternational Maritime Dangerous GoodsIMMTAInternational MultiModal Transport AssociationIMOInternational Maritime Organisation. Formally IMCOIOSHInstitute of Occupational Safety and HealthIPIInland Point IntermodalIRUInternational Road Transport UnionISAInformation System AgreementISOInternational Organization for StandardizationISOInternational Standards OrganisationISPInternational Safety Panel of ICHCAISPSInternational Shipping & Ports Security CodeISTDGInternational Symposium on the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Sea and Inland WaterwaysITCOInternational Tank Container Owners AssociationITIGGInternational Transport Implementation Guidelines GroupITFInternational Transport Workers’ FederationITFInternational Transport ForumIUMIInternational Union of Marine InsurersKDKnocked DownKTKilo tonneL/CLetter of CreditLASHLighter Aboard ShipLBSPounds (mass)LCLetter of CreditLCLLess than a container loadLIFOLast In First OutLNGLiquefied natural GasLOLOLift On Lift OffLRLloyds RegistryLTLong TonLTLLess than Trailer LoadMAIIFMarine Accident Investigators' International ForumMARPOL / MARPOL 73/78International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978MCAMaritime and Coastguard Agency (UK)MEPCMarine Environment Protection CommitteeMGMMaximum Gross MassMLBMini Land BridgeMOUMemorandum of UnderstandingMSAMaritime Security ActMSCMaritime Safety Committee (IMO)MSLMaximum Securing LoadMSSISMaximum Security and Safety Information SystemMTMetric TonMTSAUS Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002MTOMultimodal Transport OperatorNCBNational Cargo Bureau IncNCITBNational Committee on International Trade DocumentationNECNot Elsewhere ClassifiedNESNot Elsewhere SpecifiedNINautical InstituteNMFCNational Motor Freight ClassificationNMPHNet Moves per HourNMSANational Maritime Safety AssociationNORNotice of Readiness (when the ship is ready to load.)NOSNot Otherwise SpecifiedNPCNational Ports CouncilNSCNational Safety CouncilNTNet TonnageNVOCCNon Vessel Owning Common CarrierNVOCCNon Vessel Owning Cargo ConsolidatorsNVOCCNon Vessel Operating Common Carrier / Container CarrierO/NOrder-NotifyOBLOriginal Bill of LadingOCIMFOil Companies International Marine ForumOCPOverland Common PortOECDOrganization of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOGMSAOffice of Global Maritime Situational AwarenessOMTOrigin Motor TerminalOOGOut of GaugeOS&DOver, Short or DamagedOSHAOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHAOccupational Safety and Health AgencyP&IProtection and IndemnityPADAGPlease Authorize Delivery Against GuaranteePASPublicly Available SpecificationPDGPackaged Dangerous GoodsPDPPort workers Development ProgrammePEMAPort Equipment Manufacturers AssociationPODPort of DischargePODPort of DestinationPODProof of DeliveryPOLPort of LoadingPOLPetroleum, Oil and LubricantsPPIPrincipal Party of Interest (see USPPI and FPPI)PSGPPort Security Grant ProgramPTIPre-Trip InspectionPTSCPort & Terminal Service ChargeRFPRequest for ProposalRFQRequest for QuotationRHARoad Haulage AssociationRIDRegulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by RailROLARoll on Roll off TrainsRO-RORoll on Roll OffRPResearch PaperRTRevenue TonSATLsSemi Automatic TwistlocksSCSub CommitteeSCACStandard Carrier Abbreviation CodeSEDShipper's Export DeclarationSFISecure Freight InitiativeSHEXSaturdays and Holidays ExcludedSHINCSaturdays and Holidays IncludedSICStandard Industrial ClassificationSIGTTOSociety for International Gas Tanker & Terminal Operations LimitedSITCStandard International Trade ClassificationSKUStock Keeping UnitSL&CShipper's Load & CountSL/WShipper's Load and CountSOLASInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974SOLAS /SOLAS 74Safety of Life at Sea (Convention, 1974)SSHEXSaturdays, Sundays and Holidays ExceptedSPIShip Port InterfaceSTShort TonSTBSurface Transportation BoardSTCSaid to ContainSTCCStandard Transportation Commodity CodeSTWSaid to weighSWIFTSociety for Worldwide Interbank Financial TelecommunicationSWLSafe Working LoadT&ETransportation and ExportationT&ETransportation and ExitTBNTo Be Nominated (when the name of a ship is still unknown)TC104International Standards Organization Technical Committee 104 –freight containersTEUTwenty-foot Equivalent UnitTHCTerminal Handling ChargeTIRTransport Internationaux Routiers SystemTLTrailer LoadTOATechnical and Operational Advice documentTOFCTrailer on Flat Car RailTOSTerms of Sale (i.e. FOB/CIF/FAS)TRCTerminal Receiving ChargeTREMCARDTransport Emergency Card issued by CEFICTSRTop Side RailTT ClubThrough Trading Mutual Insurance Association LimitedTWICTransportation Worker Identification CredentialUCPUniform Customs and Practice for Documentary CreditsUFCUniform Freight ClassificationUICUnion Internationale de Chemins de FersUIRRUnion Internationale des Societes de Transport Combine Rail-RouteULCCUnit Large Crude CarrierUNUnited NationsUN ECEUnited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNCTADUnited Nations Commission for Trade and DevelopmentUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNISTOCKEuropean Federation of Silo OperatorsUPCUniversal Product CodeUSCGUnited States CoastguardUSPPIUnited States Principal Party of InterestUTITIUniversity of Toledo Intermodal Transportation InstituteVISAVoluntary Intermodal Seallift AgreementVLFOVessel Load Free OutVSAVessel Sharing AgreementVSIEVessel Supplies for Immediate ExportationVTLVertical Tandem LiftingW/BWaybillW/MWeight of MeasurementWCOWorld Customs OrganisationWDEXWarehouse Withdrawal for Transportation Immediate ExportationWDTWarehouse Withdrawal for TransportationWDT&EWarehouse Withdrawal for Transportation and ExportationWGWorking GroupWHOWorld Health OrganizationWIBONWhether In Berth of NotWMUWorld Maritime UniversityWP.15UN ECE Working Party on the Transport of Dangerous goods (deals with ADR)WP.24UN ECE Working Party on Intermodal Transport and LogisticsWSCWorld Shipping CouncilWWDWeather Working DaysYTDYears to date